Analysis of Catherine’s Character in Emily Bronte’s novel – Wuthering Heights

Catherine is a very complex character in Emily Bronte's novel – Wuthering Heights. We first meet her in the beginning paragraphs of the novel at first she appears a innocent child who loves the outdoors however later on when she is introduced to the Linton's this all changes she becomes greedy materialistic and two faced. She makes another change just before and after she married Edgar Linton. She became very fragile but also very violent. Before she died she made a final change to being very envious however throughout all her life she always remained loyal to Heathcliff and always loved Heathcliff Catherine and Heathcliff's relationship wasn't started off very well however once they were able to get to know each other they became great friends â€Å"†¦ Catherine was much to fond of Heathcliff† Even after the Christmas Catherine spent with the Linton's she was still good friends with him. She was such a good friend she risked creeping along a roof to be able to reach him. There friendship was so great it could be called love. Their love still continued into Catherine's and Edgar's marriage on which she said this about Heathcliff, â€Å"if all else perished and he remained I should still continue to be. I believe that the skill of Pathetic Fallacy was used to describe Catherine and Heathcliff's relationship as the house, Wuthering Heights itself. Wuthering Heights is rough, cold solid as was the relationship of Catherine and Heathcliff. â€Å"There younger relationship as friends was solid and wild whilst there relationships as adults and on the moors was rough and cold. This proves that her one tribute throughout her whole life was her love for Heathcliff. The more dark side of her character began to expose itself after the 5weeks she spent at the Linton's in Thrushcross Grange Catherine once a rough and wild girl spending her time playing on the moors now had changed. When she arrived home around Christmas time she had changed completely. Catherine was now wearing glamorous clothes, a silk frock with brilliant white trousers. Catherine manner had changed she was polite and what was known as Ladylike. She now didn't run to where she needed to go as before, she rode on horse back. With all these beautiful luxuries is no wonder why she had started to grow fond of these items, she had started to become materialistic. Her opinions on Heathcliff had changed she even tells him â€Å"you're sp dirty† however this is what she once was. Before her arrival to Thrush cross grange she would of neither cared or commented on the way Heathcliff looked that the state he was in would of not troubled her however as the story moves on I can see that when she is at Thrushcross she is peaceful and ladylike however when at Wuthering Heights she is rough both reflect the characteristics of each house. Subsequent to her stay at Thrushcross Grange Catherine's relationship with the Linton's became stronger. Catherine's relations were most strong with Edgar Linton they visited each others house frequently. There relationship grew and grew till it was announced that Catherine was to wed Linton and Catherine commented on marrying Heathcliff by saying â€Å"†¦ degrade me to marry him† This is a sign that she found her self superior to Heathcliff. Heathcliff hearing this ran away for three years. Catherine and Heathcliff were soul mates they were one soul entwined at Wuthering Heights. The relationship is rough, wild, dark and cold just like them and Wuthering Heights are. It appears to us that if one was taken away the other two would be destroyed since they are all there to support each there take one away the others shall fall. This is shown to us after Heathcliff left Catherine came down with a Brain fever and Wuthering Heights suffered great structural damage in a storm â€Å"†¦ knocked down a portion of the east chimney stack† Another example of this is when Catherine and Nelly leave to go to Thrushcross grange after Heathcliff left leaving Hindley to fall into a bad patch of drinking and gambling. Mr and Mrs Linton at Thrushcross grange contract an illness from Catherine and shortly they both die. Once Mr and Mrs Linton died there were just Edgar Nelly and Isabella looking after Catherine. Bronti uses this sentence to describe the relations between Catherine and the Linton's â€Å"†¦ the Honeysuckles embracing the thorns† The thorn was Catherine – the rough wild and harmful while the Honeysuckle was the Linton's – the kind gentle and harmless. The honeysuckle was moulding around the thorn meaning that the Linton's were doing everything to make Catherine better. But trying to make her better was a lost cause because she could never be truly at full health without the other half of her soul, this was Heathcliff. Catherine would always be damaged into they were reunited. When Heathcliff finally does return Catherine again makes a dramatic change. Following the return of Heathcliff Catherine becomes Envious. We can see that Isabella, Edgar's sister has strong feelings for Heathcliff. Catherine also sees this and try's her hardest to push Isabella away from her soul mate. Not just is Isabella being driven away by Catherine she is also being pushed away by Heathcliff. Heathcliff wants Catherine to be in much pain for marrying Edgar. Isabella eventually realises this but it was to lat she realises after Heathcliff and they have wed. We she this when she writes letter to Nelly which said â€Å"I hate him†¦ † The marriage had bad effects but none of them were attended since a couple of months later Catherine died next to her one and only true soul mate Heathcliff. It is evidential that Catherine never fully recovered from her brain fever. Her soul had been theoretically cut into when Heathcliff left, one half was with him the other with her. When he did finally return Catherine was happy however she noticed after a short period of time that Heathcliff paid more attention to Isabella than he did her. Catherine soul once again was ripped by Heathcliff's terrible deed, his and Isabella's marriage. However much later Heathcliff tried unsuccessfully to mend there relationship, however this could not be done and Catherine died next to Heathcliff in Thrushcross Grange. Catherine as you can see was a very complex character. She experienced all the character traits life could throw at her but one that stood above the rest was her love for Heathcliff. All the way through her life Heathcliff was there in some shape or form. She was connected to him all the time, she climbed buildings just to see him, ran out in the harsh cold weather of the moors to play with him but when he was not there she suffered major illness. Even when they we both married they were willing to risk everything by sharing a long and passionate kiss. Catherine belongs to Heathcliff; Heathcliff Belongs to Catherine just like Wuthering Heights belongs to the moors and the moors belongs to Wuthering Heights. Each of these 4 are cold, harsh wild and strong. When there together supporting one another they are an uncontrollable force.

F and B Manager

Unit 6: Food and Drinks Service Unit code: L/601/0463 QCF Level 3: BTEC National Credit value: 10 Guided learning hours: 60 Aim and purpose The aim of this unit is to enable learners to gain understanding of the importance of the meal experience in food and drink service operations and skills to prepare, provide and review provision of food and drink service. Unit introduction This unit introduces learners to basic concepts of food service and to the skills, knowledge and responsibilities required in food service throughout the sector.The knowledge and skills acquired in this unit will prepare learners for a supervisory role in food service businesses. This unit includes only non-alcoholic drinks. Alcoholic drinks are covered in Unit 7: Alcoholic Beverage Service. Learners will explore the factors involved in the meal experience and will have the opportunity to relate issues concerning value, quality, skill levels, satisfaction, service and environment to customer expectations in a v ariety of operations. Learners will need to organise the preparation and layout of a food service operation, taking into account various factors such as equipment, staff rganisation and particular customer needs. Learners will need to show a professional approach and practical customer service and food service skills. Throughout the unit learners will have the opportunity to develop the skills appropriate to a range of different businesses, such as restaurants, fast food businesses, pub food courts and coffee bars. It is important for learners to appreciate factors essential to customer satisfaction and the result of these needs not being fully met. Learners will need to understand and apply evaluation techniques to food service operations. Learning outcomesOn completion of this unit a learner should: 1 Understand the importance of the meal experience in food and drink service operations 2 Be able to organise the preparation and layout of a food and drink service operation 3 Be able to provide food and drink service and customer service in a professional, safe and hygienic manner 4 Be able to review food and drink service provision. Edexcel BTEC Level 3 Nationals specification in Hospitality – Issue 1 – February 2010  © Edexcel Limited 2010 1 Unit content 1 Understand the importance of the meal experience in food and drink service operationsMeal experience: value for money; quality of product and service; environment; ambience; suitability for purpose; level of customer service; timing Situations: eating for pleasure or necessity eg business lunch, special occasion, meal with friends, wedding celebration, conference, function, during a shopping trip, in hospital, when travelling 2 Be able to organise the preparation and layout of a food and drink service operation Operation: types eg restaurant, pub, banquet, fast food, food court, coffee bar, transport providers (rail, air, sea)Preparation and layout: health and safety considerations; checking cleanliness of environment; checking furnishings and equipment; obtaining and preparing equipment; determining layout of environment, the reception, bar area, tables and eating area; menu requirements; staff organisation; briefing; customer needs eg wheelchair access, children; contingency planning 3 Be able to provide food and drink service and customer service in a professional, safe and hygienic mannerRequirements: product knowledge; technical skills; appropriate procedures for operation eg welcoming customer, taking order, confirming choice, serving food and beverages using appropriate method, ensuring payment Food service: methods eg silver service, plate service, buffet, self-service, assisted service, room service, counter service; suitability of method for different operations; constraints eg cost-effectiveness, customer demand, timescale, staff skills, environment, layout Drink service: non-alcoholic eg soft drinks, bottled waters, teas, coffees; service procedures and tec hniques; cleaning and maintaining equipment eg uice dispensers, coffee machines; trends eg designer waters, healthy drinking options Customer service situations: communication method (face-to-face, on the telephone, in writing, by email); purpose eg providing information, giving advice, keeping records, providing assistance, dealing with problems, handling complaints, dealing with food allergies Professional approach: attitude; personal appearance; dress; hygiene; attentiveness; body language; attention to detail; relationships with colleagues; communication skills eg listening, speaking, relaying messages and orders accurately and promptly; teamwork; codes of practice Be able to review food and drink service provision Techniques: collecting information; sources of information eg customers, colleagues; feedback methods (qualitative, quantitative) eg questionnaires, comments books, staff meetings; making reasoned judgements based on available information Criteria: suitability of food and drink service provided; environment, preparation and layout; service provided (quality, speed); level of customer satisfaction; value for money 2 Edexcel BTEC Level 3 Nationals specification in Hospitality – Issue 1 – February 2010  © Edexcel Limited 2010 Assessment and grading criteriaIn order to pass this unit, the evidence that the learner presents for assessment needs to demonstrate that they can meet all the learning outcomes for the unit. The assessment criteria for a pass grade describe the level of achievement required to pass this unit. Assessment and grading criteria To achieve a pass grade the evidence must show that the learner is able to: To achieve a merit grade the evidence must show that, in addition to the pass criteria, the learner is able to: P1 explain the importance of the M1 meal experience in food and drink service situations [IE 4] P2 organise the preparation and ayout of a food and drink service operation [SM 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7] P3 demonst rate competent skills M2 show independence and in providing food and drink confidence in providing food service with appropriate tutor and drink service support P4 show a professional attitude at all times with relevant personal, social, technical and customer service skills [SM 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7] P5 review food and drink service M3 evaluate a food and drink provision. service operation and make [IE 6] recommendations for improvement using agreed criteria and relevant data. To achieve a distinction grade the evidence must show that, n addition to the pass and merit criteria, the learner is able to: analyse the suitability of different methods of service, operational procedures and levels of customer service in food service operations D1 show high levels of confidence, product knowledge and skills when providing food and drink service D2 assess a food and drink service operation, making justified recommendations for improvement, and produce an action plan for implementation. PLTS: Thi s summary references where applicable, in the square brackets, the elements of the personal, learning and thinking skills applicable in the pass criteria.It identifies opportunities for learners to demonstrate effective application of the referenced elements of the skills. IE – independent enquirers RL – reflective learners SM – self-managers CT – creative thinkers Key TW – team workers EP – effective participators Edexcel BTEC Level 3 Nationals specification in Hospitality – Issue 1 – February 2010  © Edexcel Limited 2010 3 Essential guidance for tutors Delivery Professionalism in the hospitality industry is vital to both the success of the hospitality business and to learners’ future careers.Future employers will expect recruits to demonstrate a professional attitude to their work, to themselves, to colleagues and to their employers. Tutors must take great care throughout their work to reinforce the importance of mai ntaining the right professional attitude, in terms of personal, social, technical and customer service skills when working with and communicating with others. It is important that learners are made aware of different types of food and drink service operations and the situations and contexts to which they are suited.While some centres may prefer to concentrate on traditional restaurant operations, the unit is designed to ensure that learners are prepared for employment in a range of food and drink service operations. It should be noted that this unit includes non-alcoholic beverages, and delivery should include the preparation and service of a range of teas, coffees and other non-alcoholic drinks. Tutors should be aware of developing trends in food and drink products and services in the hospitality industry, and should ensure that learners understand both the nature of the trends and their impact on hospitality operations.Much of the delivery will be through practical sessions. These could be supported through work placement prior to assessment to enable learners to develop food and drink service skills. Both practical sessions and work placements should be planned to enable a range of food service situations to be considered and to enable learners to apply their skills to these varied situations. Learners will also need to consider a variety of customer service situations that may arise through food and drink service. They could practise their skills through role plays of simulated scenarios.Learners should develop criteria to evaluate performance relating to each scenario and practise evaluating their own and others’ performance. Recording role plays using video and/or audio cassettes would assist selfevaluation. This unit could be delivered jointly with Unit 7: Alcoholic Beverage Service and could also be delivered alongside Unit 5: Supervisory Skills in the Hospitality Industry, as it offers the opportunity to organise and supervise a team in the del ivery of food and drink service. The application of evaluation techniques and criteria will also make a valuable ontribution to learners’ future role as supervisors in the hospitality industry. 4 Edexcel BTEC Level 3 Nationals specification in Hospitality – Issue 1 – February 2010  © Edexcel Limited 2010 Outline learning plan The outline learning plan has been included in this unit as guidance and can be used in conjunction with the programme of suggested assignments. The outline learning plan demonstrates one way in planning the delivery and assessment of this unit. Topic and suggested assignments/activities and/assessmentIntroduction to the unit and the programme of learning. Group discussion about food and drink service operations. Tutor explanation of key terms. Visits to hospitality businesses and observation of food and drink service operations – follow-up poster showing food and drink service operations within the businesses. Learners interview a member of staff from their own institution on the importance of the meal experience in food and drink service operations. Visits to hospitality businesses to find out about different food and drink service situations.Assignment 1 – The Importance of the Meal Experience in Food and Drink Service Operations (P1, M1) Learners produce a presentation about the importance of the meal experience in food and drink service operations based on visit. Group discussion to determine types of operation for different types of hospitality businesses. Videos or role-plays of preparation and layout of a food and drink service operation. Role-play exercises – organising the preparation and layout of a food and drink service operation. Assignment 2 – Organising the Preparation and Layout of a Food and Drink Service Operation (P2)Based on organising the preparation and layout of a food and drink service operation for real customers. Videos or role plays of providing food and drink service. Learners work alongside staff in their own institution providing food and drink service – receive feedback. Role-play exercises – providing food and drink service. Assignment 3 – Providing Food and Drink Service and Customer Service (P3, P4, M2, D1) Based on providing food and drink service to real customers. Learners investigate review techniques and criteria used in a business.Assignment 4 – Review of Food and Drink Service Provision (P5, M3, D2) An investigation of a business or related to a scenario leading to a piece of written work. Tutorial support and feedback. Self-initiated learning time. Edexcel BTEC Level 3 Nationals specification in Hospitality – Issue 1 – February 2010  © Edexcel Limited 2010 5 Assessment Any evidence submitted for criteria requiring the practical demonstration of skills, eg role plays or the ability to work independently, must be supported by observation sheet(s) signed by the assessor identifying h ow and why specific criteria have been met.The sub-headings in this section mirror the funnelling opportunities in the grading grid. They suggest how assessment can be grouped to allow learners to progress to the higher grades; however, they are not prescriptive. P1 – M1 To achieve P1, learners must explain the importance of the meal experience, based on their work experience or visits to a variety of businesses. Learners should include a minimum of three different situations in their explanation, covering each of the meal experience criteria.M1 requires learners to analyse in detail at least two different food and drink service operations, focusing on all aspects of the meal experience, operational issues and customer service. P2 For P2, learners need to show they can organise and implement the preparation and layout of the environment before starting the service. Evidence could be gathered through observation by the tutor of team briefings or a written brief together with e vidence of a single practical exercise when the learner has had specific responsibility.P3 – P4 – M2 – D1 To achieve P3, learners need to demonstrate food and drink service skills. This can be evidenced in the form of video tapes or witness testimonies from assessors and supported by written descriptions of the practical scenario. The evidence could, for the most part, come from the same practical situations as for P2. Although learners must show competent skills, at pass level it is expected that they will require guidance and support. Evidence for P4 could be in the form of video or witness testimonies from assessors.The witness testimonies should give sufficient information to confirm that the requirements of achieving a professional approach to personal, social, technical and customer service skills have been met, as have levels of teamwork and communication. The evidence for M2 must show that learners are capable of using initiative and show confidence and independence in food and drink service and customer care skills. Evidence should come from real-life food and drink service situations, and could be linked with Unit 26: Industry-related Project in Hospitality.Learners’ competence in meeting this criterion should be evidenced by an observation sheet with reference made to how and why the learner has achieved M2. To achieve D1, witness testimonies and/or observation sheets should give detailed information to confirm that the learner has demonstrated a high level of personal and technical skills. Examples of effective technical skills at this level could be a learner who is able to anticipate customer needs and can demonstrate customer service to a standard which is over and above that normally expected. 6 Edexcel BTEC Level 3 Nationals specification in Hospitality Issue 1 – February 2010  © Edexcel Limited 2010 P5 – M3 – D2 To achieve P5, learners are required to review food and drink service provision u sing appropriate evaluation techniques and criteria and should provide evidence which shows understanding of the need to measure the performance of a food service operation. The criteria should be specific and measurable. Examples of appropriate criteria could be ‘all tables are to receive orders within 15 minutes’ or ‘the menu should reflect good value for money compared to other similar businesses’. Learners should also explain the benefits of this approach.This can be done in general terms and need not be linked to a specific food service project, although evidence could be linked with Unit 26: Industry-related Project in Hospitality. Evidence for M3 will build on the criteria identified in P5. The criteria used could be predetermined by the assignment brief, but learners should relate the evidence to a specific practical scenario and produce valid recommendations for improvement. Learners should collect data from reliable sources, eg customer comment ca rds and feedback from colleagues, rather than basing the whole review on their own opinion.Evidence for D2 could be in the form of a presentation or a written report. Joint evaluation as part of a team would not be acceptable. Learners must set their own criteria for assessing a food and drink service operation and make recommendations for improvement that are justified and prioritised. The action plan should be realistic and achievable in the context of the chosen food and drink operation. Programme of suggested assignments The table below shows a programme of suggested assignments that cover the pass, merit and distinction criteria in the assessment and grading grid.This is for guidance and it is recommended that centres either write their own assignments or adapt any Edexcel assignments to meet local needs and resources. Criteria covered Assignment title Scenario P1, M1 The Importance of the Meal Experience in Food and Drink Service Operations Learners take the role of Learners c reate a restaurant manager and need to presentation for use with produce a presentation about new staff. the importance of the meal experience in food and drink service operations for use with new staff. P2 Organising the Preparation and Layout of a Food and Drink Service OperationLearners continue in the role Role play or work placement of restaurant manager and supported by observation are required to organise the sheets. preparation and layout of a food and drink service operation. P3, P4, M2, D1 Providing Food and Drink Service and Customer Service Learners continue in the role of restaurant manager and are required to provide food and drink service to real customers. Role play or work placement supported by observation sheets. P5, M3, D2 Review of Food and Drink Service Provision Learners continue in the role of restaurant manager and are asked to review the food and rink service provision. Learners produce material in suitable format – questionnaires, checklists. Edexce l BTEC Level 3 Nationals specification in Hospitality – Issue 1 – February 2010  © Edexcel Limited 2010 Assessment method 7 Links to National Occupational Standards, other BTEC units, other BTEC quali? cations and other relevant units and quali? cations This unit forms part of the BTEC Hospitality suite. This unit has particular links with the following unit titles in the Hospitality suite: Level 2 Level 3 Service of Food at Table Alcoholic Beverage Service Service of Alcoholic and Non-Alcoholic DrinksFood Service Organisation Essential resources It is essential for the delivery of this unit that learners have access to a real or simulated food service environment. Appropriate food and drink service equipment must also be provided, such as cappuccino machines, icemakers, blenders and other specialist equipment including glasses and china. Employer engagement and vocational contexts Visits and work experience with local food and drink service providers would provide l earners with an insight into food and drink service and help learners develop the skills required in different businesses providing food service.Developing hospitality industry links would enhance the delivery of this unit. Indicative reading for learners Textbooks Ceserani V and Foskett D – The Theory of Catering, 11th Edition (Hodder Arnold, 2007) ISBN 9780340939260 Hayter R – Food and Drink Service, 2nd Edition (Thomson Learning, 1996) ISBN 9781861526878 Lillicrap D and Cousins J – Food and Beverage Service, 7th Edition (Hodder Arnold, 2006) ISBN 9780340905241 Journal Caterer and Hotelkeeper – Reed Business Information Websites www. bha. org. uk British Hospitality Association www. caterersearch. com Caterersearch – Hospitality news www. catersource. om Catersource – Education, products and news for caterers www. cookeryonline. com Cookeryonline – Food, cookery and hospitality resources www. fdf. org. uk Food and Drink Federation w ww. people1st. co. uk People 1st – Sector Skills Council for Hospitality, Leisure, Travel and Tourism 8 Edexcel BTEC Level 3 Nationals specification in Hospitality – Issue 1 – February 2010  © Edexcel Limited 2010 Delivery of personal, learning and thinking skills The table below identifies the opportunities for personal, learning and thinking skills (PLTS) that have been included within the pass assessment criteria of this unit.Skill When learners are †¦ Independent enquirers P1 explaining the importance of the meal experience in food and drink service situations [IE 4] P5 reviewing food and drink service provision [IE 6] Self-managers P2 organising the preparation and layout of a food and drink service operation P3 demonstrating competent skills in providing food and drink service with appropriate tutor support P4 showing a professional attitude at all times with relevant personal, social, technical and customer service skills [SM 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7]Altho ugh PLTS are identified within this unit as an inherent part of the assessment criteria, there are further opportunities to develop a range of PLTS through various approaches to teaching and learning. Skill When learners are †¦ Reflective learners assessing their food and drink service provision [RL 1]. Edexcel BTEC Level 3 Nationals specification in Hospitality – Issue 1 – February 2010  © Edexcel Limited 2010 9 Functional Skills – Level 2 Skill When learners are †¦ ICT – Use ICT systems Select, interact with and use ICT systems independently for a complex task to meet a ariety of needs Use ICT to effectively plan work and evaluate the effectiveness of the ICT system they have used Manage information storage to enable efficient retrieval Follow and understand the need for safety and security practices Troubleshoot ICT – Find and select information Select and use a variety of sources of information independently for a complex task Acces s, search for, select and use ICTbased information and evaluate its fitness for purpose ICT – Develop, present and communicate information Enter, develop and format information independently to suit its meaning and urpose including: ? text and tables ? images ? numbers ? records Bring together information to suit content and purpose Present information in ways that are fit for purpose and audience Evaluate the selection and use of ICT tools and facilities used to present information Select and use ICT to communicate and exchange information safely, responsibly and effectively including storage of messages and contact lists 10 Edexcel BTEC Level 3 Nationals specification in Hospitality – Issue 1 – February 2010  © Edexcel Limited 2010 Skill When learners are †¦ MathematicsUnderstand routine and non-routine problems in a wide range of familiar and unfamiliar contexts and situations Identify the situation or problem and the mathematical methods needed to tac kle it Select and apply a range of skills to find solutions Use appropriate checking procedures and evaluate their effectiveness at each stage organising a food and drink service operation Interpret and communicate solutions to practical problems in familiar and unfamiliar routine contexts and situations Draw conclusions and provide mathematical justifications English Speaking and listening – make a range of ontributions to discussions and make effective presentations in a wide range of contexts discussing the importance of the meal experience presenting an evaluation of a food and drink operation and action plan. Reading – compare, select, read and understand texts and use them to gather information, ideas, arguments and opinions Writing – write documents, including extended writing pieces, communicating information, ideas and opinions, effectively and persuasively Edexcel BTEC Level 3 Nationals specification in Hospitality – Issue 1 – February 20 10  © Edexcel Limited 2010 11

A Journey of a Hundred Miles Begins with a Single Step

A Journey of a hundred miles begins with a single step It means that however long your Journey or how big and impossible the change you want to make it starts with Just one step, or action. If you have a long term goal, you cannot achieve it without taking steps or measures to achieve them. For example, I want to become a doctor. Well 10 years of school starts with English 101, and math, and science, etc Simple things sometimes lead to big things You have to start something before you can finish it.You have to write a word, then a entente, then a paragraph, then a page, then 3 more pages and you are done. Asking what it means was the first step it could mean that every step you take that step begins a new Journey! Or If you want to take a thousand miles all you have to do is take a step In a new direction! I dont know though so you might not want to use that on your paper! No matter how big the task seems, no matter how Insurmountable It seems, make a start and continue from there. Most things In life are accomplished In small stages, not In huge giant steps.Any task, broken down Into small pieces, seems much easier. It means If you never get started with anything. You never get anything done No matter how big the task or how challenging the goal, you get there by Just beginning. Without the first step, the Journey will never happen. Somebody who dreams big but never acts to make their dreams real will never attain them. But even if the dream seems unattainable, by taking that first small step, you move towards making that dream come true. In fact, the whole Journey Is made up of small steps.

Canadian Business and the Law Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Canadian Business and the Law - Assignment Example 1. Human resources Pre-employment screening Most companies carry out pre-employment screening before employing a potential applicant. During the process, the employer examines and analyzes an applicant’s background to screen and justify the accuracy of the information provided. However, Seneca College in Toronto has been accused of failing to conduct pre-employment screening on some job applicants. For instance, the company does not look into relevant information and qualification of the job application (Smith & Hodges, 2009). The recruitment department must not fall into discriminating directly or indirectly potential candidates during the whole process of recruitment and selection. Management contract An institution will be considered the best if it has met the pre-qualification conditions and it offers the best cost, which in this case will be the lowest cost. Under the law, an institution is a legal person and hence a separate legal entity from the owner. If there is breac h of the contract, then the person to be sued is the company but not the owners. If after the execution of the contract Jerry wants to sell the company, there is no legal barrier restricting him from selling the company. The custom transportation company will not seize to exist after the departure of Jerry. The new management can be sued on behalf of the company, and they should make any corrections after the completion of the contract. In a contract setting, the person offering the contract is left with retention money, which can be used in case a fault in work done is discovered after execution of contract. In a contract, the ethical behavior is right of lien for both the contractor and the contracted. The commission has a right to stay with the retention money if the company does not do the work correctly and use it to pay another contractor who will do the part not done well (Smith & Hodges, 2009). Contract laws emphasis the fact that agreements made between or among parties in a transaction must be honored. This has mechanisms in place to ensure that parties uphold their terms of agreement thought the transaction session. These laws protect mostly those transactions that are long term in nature. For example, an infrastructure contract between a company and the government. Such contract may span for several years, which qualifies the need for mechanisms to be put in place to guide both parties during work progress until it is completed. Violation of any of these terms by any of the trading partners means that a contract law has been broken and this necessitates a further step from the affected partner. Contract laws give a contracting partner the constitutional right to know if the other partner is credit worthy. This factor plays a role in preventing future payment disputes in case of defaults from any of the parties. This law ensures that there are mechanism and measures, which are in place to enable debt recovery in circumstances of payment defaults. Th is may apply to scenarios where payments are made through cheques that bounce. Contract law empowers the courts to collect debts if such scenarios of payment default arise. Seneca College might face legal risks in contract management since its contracts lacks the above information (Smith & Hodges, 2009). 2. Student services Admissions Seneca College needs to handle the issue of student admission because it enrolls students from local area and discriminate other places. The College

Business Plan Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Business Plan - Assignment Example injury and death caused or resulted from an auto accident and now a day’s some cars are invented and introduced in such a way that it consist of six or eight air bags. The value of this product is that at the time when the car crashes the momentum of the car changes instantly. The airbags acts as a constraint for helping or assisting the passengers to stop the passengers and also protecting and safeguarding the passengers. The air bag facilitates the passengers from the side swipes of the car , front on collisions etc and the airbags are designed in such a way that it prevents and restricts the injuries that are caused from the severe car accidents. The existence and the presence of the airbags will also influence the secure placement of child and infant. The most essential and the unique feature of the air bags are it transmits crash sensors that indicates and designed in such a way that the vehicle has been damaged in accident. The threat of substitutes of the airbag is that the substitute product and its existence in the market may drive the consumers to switch to the product of its competitors. The substitute product is considered as an alternative of the supply of the product in the market. Therefore the existence3 of substitute is considered as the threat of the company. The seat belt is considered as a substitute of the air bag by some of the customers or the passengers. The customers generally perceive that the seatbelts are designed and introduced in such a way that it provides comfort to its customers and there exist differences in the level of comfort that is being provided by the airbags and seatbelt. The front air bag is not capable of protecting the side and the roll over and the rear crashes. In this case on the basis of such differences the customers generally prefer or select the use of seat belt for the safety and protection for facing these types of crashes. The air bags are designed only to protect or safeguard the frontal crash

The History of the Taj Mahal in Agra, India Research Paper

The History of the Taj Mahal in Agra, India - Research Paper Example Taj Mahal depicts the internal love of Shah Jahan for his second wife Mumtaj Mahal. There are many people, archeologist and historians who feel that Taj Mahal was one of the most famous architectural masterpieces which was the undisputed beauty and a magnificent art of human hands (Tillotson, 2008, p. 1). It is one of the most symmetrically perfect monuments ever built in India and it is the mixture of great beauty, perfection and extreme engineering. It was built during the timeframe of 1631 to 1648, it took almost twenty two years to complete. It was built by the side of Yamuna River and its total area covers the forty two acres or 17 hectares of space (DuTemple, 2003, p. 6). And it took a staggering forty million rupees to complete the Taj Mahal, which was a huge amount of money at that time making the Empire almost bankrupt (Garg, 2009, p. 44). The basic structure was replicated from the Humayuns’s tomb. However, it can never be stated that Taj Mahal is a replica of any ot her tomb; it has its own beauty which can never be replicated. The whole complex and design consist of the Taj Mahal itself, the symmetrical lake, Mahtab Garden, a mosque and a guest house on the east side. It is basically made by bricks but the outer part is of expensive white marble. The main tomb it based on a huge marble platform which is called plinth, the expensive gemstones were used in flowery shapes to give an outstanding beauty to the white body of the marvelous tomb, and the entire complex of Taj Mahal is guarded by the red sand stone (DuTemple, 2003, p. 25). The Taj Mahal is consisting of four major octagons and those were centered by the main central dome. The facade of the central tomb consists of tall architectural constructions; the Quranic calligraphy was exhibited on the walls of the four pillars (Petersen, 1999, p. 275). The most important and the most beautiful part of the Taj Mahal is the enormous white coloured central dome. The main dome was positioned exactly at the center of the architectural phenomenon and it has the height of forty four meter (DuTemple, 2003, p. 43). It should be remembered that the Taj Mahal was not built by one person it was a complex design and it was initiated by many artists. The chief architect was Ustad Ahmed Lahori; his two colleagues were Mir abd al-Karim and the great Makramat Khan (DuTemple, 2003, p. 23). The facade of Taj Mahal got a great central Iwan which has the great Quranic calligraphy (Petersen, 1999, p. 275). The Great Garden of Taj Mahal known as the Mahtab Garden also has a great significance. It was a part of the Moonlight garden which occupied twenty five acres (Deitz, 2011, p. 151). This was the garden mostly visited by the royals in the night. This was meant to be like the garden of heaven and the lake within reflects the beauty of the Taj Mahal, which is another wonder. By 1642, the garden had been finished (DuTemple, 2003, p.64). The garden has a great implication on the beauty of Taj Maha l. The Mahtab Garden was the added beauty to the Taj Mahal with the magnificent aroma of jasmine and other fragrant plants. This architectural beauty also has many stories which reflect both positive and negative impression about the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan and also about the Mughal dynasty itself. The beauties are not created to be replicated in many forms. Some people and guides say that Shah Jahan chopped off

Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 13

Research Paper Example They are thus, very important as far as underground movements are concerned. We thus see how such networks are important from a political point of view as well. These websites also open up certain avenues for communication between people who are in conventionally inaccessible positions. Celebrities and politicians are thus, able to connect more directly with their fans and voters. They also help companies and firms to reach out to their clientele through advertisements that are cheaper than other media. Apart from this, it also leads to the creation of communities that would not be possible in the real world. The virtual reality that is created through such networks enables the dissolution of narrow parochial bonds. All of this has a negative side as well as social networks can be used by miscreants and anti-social elements as well. They can also be incorporated into the power structures of our society, thus blunting their revolutionary potential in a certain sense. The immense number of users of Facebook and Twitter bear testimony to the changing face of human relationships. People like Stuart Wooster feel that human relationships are being redefined in today’s world by such social networks. Such networks lead to the creation of a virtual reality that is capable of sustaining itself and people tend to feel connected with other people even without having seen them in a long time (Wooster). Such websites are able to provide one with a sense of being with a lot of friends even if one is not connected to those friends in any ostensible way at a certain point. One may have several ‘friends’ on Facebook whom one may never have met more than once. The conventions that Facebook gives rise to make it possible for several people to be contacted at once, leading to a fragile bond being created between those parties. This makes it possible for people to know about different people at the same

Rights of the Gay Persons in the US Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Rights of the Gay Persons in the US - Essay Example The ways in which rights of gay persons are handled in the US vary from state to state begging the question of whether these people deserve a constitutional right on their choices when it comes to sexual orientation.In Mississippi State, for instance, Governor Phil Bryant signed into law the Mississippi Religious Freedom Restoration Act. Those in support of the bill were of the opinion that it assured unrestrained practice of religion for every citizen devoid of interference by the government. On the other hand opponents of the law had a major worry informed by the opinion that it was bound to allow state-sponsored discrimination against individuals because of their gay or lesbian identities.   The bill was fiercely protested by a supporter of rights for the gay across the state. Founder of the Mississippi Gulf Lesbian and Gay Community Centre express his worry that the law was likely to render him extremely vulnerable to being treated unfairly. White said, â€Å"It made me physic ally ill the past few days realizing what they’re trying to do† and for that reason, he even considered moving out of Mississippi.New Mexico State is one of those states where the rights of gay persons are respected and discrimination of any kind is illegal. In the case Elane photography v Willock for instance, the court found Elane photography guilty for discriminating against the couple on the grounds of their sexual orientation. In the ruling, the court said, â€Å"When Elane Photography refused to photograph a same-sex commitment ceremony, it violated the NMHRA in the same way as if it had refused to photograph a wedding between people of different races.† The ruling was upheld by the Supreme Court and wide reference made to the earlier ruling by Supreme Court on in the case of U.S v Windsor in which the part of the Defence Marriage Act defining marriage as a union between only a man and a woman was struck down.

Role of Private Sector Organisations in Education Essay

Role of Private Sector Organisations in Education - Essay Example After realising the historical significance of the private sector education that has been since the last 130 years and by considering the upcoming opportunities of commercialising private education, UK Government has stepped forward and invited individual organisation to sponsor schools and cluster of schools in Education Action Zones (EAZs) for up till now more than 850 companies and organisations including charitable trusts have sponsored these zones. Government is encouraging commercial funding for building new schools contracts from the private sector from which it can acquire benefits by saving immediate capital expenditure, but since the companies are hesitated to renew long-term contracts for public funding, school repairs and renovations, therefore the Government is proposing substantial increase. Right from the ICT to the National Lottery, the Government has induced many companies to develop software programs and online content for all types of curriculum and online interactive materials. Local Education Authorities (LEAs) while emphasising on the ways of improving efficiency are well aware that they have to maintain a high attainment target or else they would suffer from negative publicity and reduction in fess. Why Private Schooling The reason for promoting the private education organisations in UK could be defined in two broader contexts: The first is that the maintained education system remained inefficient to fulfil the needs that go in interests of the producers-educational administrators and teachers-while the interests of the consumers-pupils, parents, employers and governments-were being neglected (Aldrich, 2004, p. 4). Privatisation on one hand introduced competition and market forces and reckoned as the best means of ensuring value for money, on other hand privatisation realised that the meeting the diverse needs and expectations of different religious and cultural groups can be met through maintaining a particular rising of standards. It also made the private sector acknowledged that since the state cannot fund educational and private provisions from taxation, therefore the requirements of students in some form or another is inevitable. The second position for encouraging the need for private sector is that since an education system that is public and not private is directed by professionals that prefer to highlight and place the true interests of pupils and students first. Such a situation provokes problems like under-funding which identify smaller classes and limited facilities as the main problem being faced by state schools. Since private firms understand the difference to what it means to supply educational services in terms of profit making and providing better environment for the children, the Government has now proposed a substantial increase for the private sector to play their best part in Education. When we talk about educational development in UK, we are visualising the following: 1) Improvement and enhancing of the current trends of teaching and assessment practices, curriculum design, and learning support including the

LAW OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

LAW OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE - Essay Example are deemed to be non-conforming, whether in terms of type or condition, the buyer has the right to sue and, on that basis, reject the goods.3 This is also emphasised in SOGA (1979) 14.2A and 14.2B, where the buyer is required to supply goods which meet the contractual description and which are in such a condition as would allow the buyer to use them for the purpose for which he purchased them.4 Articles 15(A) and 15(B) further defines the delivery of defective goods as a breach of contract which entitles the buyer to repudiate the contract.5 However, the circumstances of this particular case suggest that Sweet cannot be held liable for breach of contract while the carrier most likely can be. According to the facts of the case, Sweet delivered the shipper conforming goods. He further satisfied the reminder of his CIF obligations to the buyer, by insuring the goods, arranging for their delivery to the port agreed upon, providing the buyer with a reasonable delivery time,6 arranging for custom clearance and sending Baxwell the requisite documents. These are the obligations which a seller must satisfy as per both CIF and FOB terms.7 Just as CIF and FOB terms impose certain obligations upon the seller, they are equally articulate in their definition of the buyer’s obligations. Assuming that the seller has fulfilled his obligations, both CIF and FOB terms further stipulate that even if the goods are damaged, or lost, the buyer is obligated to pay for them and to accept delivery of goods at the port of destination.8 Therefore, as far as the case at hand is concerned, Baxwell is obliged to accept the documents, take delivery of the goods and satisfy his financial obligations towards Sweet. As established in Kwei Tek Chao (t/a Zung Fu Co) v British Traders Shippers Ltd (1954)9 the buyer can only repudiate the sale of goods contract and reject delivery of goods if the goods which the seller supplied were non-conforming, in type, condition or quality and not if

Economics Paper Essay Example for Free

Economics Paper Essay The term Monetary Policy refers to what the Federal Reserve (Fed) and the National Central Bank does to influence the amount of money and the credit of the U.S. Economy. What happens to money and credit affects the interest rate and the performance of our economy. The definition of the Monetary Policy is the regulation of the money supply and interest rates by the central bank and the Federal Reserve Board, in order to control inflation and stabilize the currency. The Monetary Policy is one way the government can impact the economy. The goals of the Monetary Policy is to maximize employment, stabilize prices and moderate interest rates. The Monetary Policy is the management of expectations of the economy, supporting the long-term economic growth and employment. The Monetary Policy is the relationship of interest rates and the economy, the price at which money can be borrowed and the total supply of money. The Monetary Policy began in the 19th century to maintain the gold standard. Today the monetary authority has the ability to alter the money supply. The most powerful person (after the president) in the United States is the chairman of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. The person that controls the money, controls the world. There are three instruments (tools) the Federal Reserve uses to implement the Monetary policy, open market operations, the discount rate, and reserve requirements. In the open market operations the securities dealer compete on the basis of price to do business with the Fed. This tool consist of Federal Reserve purchases and sales of financial instruments (securities) from the U.S. Treasury, Financial agencies or other government sponsored enterprises. Trading securities the Fed influences the amount of bank reserve, that affect the federal fund rate, and the overnight lending rate that banks barrow reserves from each other. Open market operations are flexible and the most frequently used in the Monetary Policy. The federal fund rate is highly sensitive to changes in the demand for the supply of reserves in the banking system. The discount rate is the interest rate charged by the Federal Reserve Banks to the depository banks on the short-term loans. Lastly, is the Reserve Requirements, the portion of the deposit amounts the bank must keep to cover amenities. The Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) is the group that formulates the nations monetary policy. The chairman of FOMC is, none other than, the chairmen of the Board of Governors. The voting members of FOMC consist of seven members of the Board of Governors (BOG), the president of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, and four other president of Reserve Banks. These members serve in one year rotating basis, and all Reserve Bank presidents participate in FOMC policy discussions. FOMC meets eight times a year to discuss the U.S. Economy and the monetary policy options. After FOMC meetings the committee issues statements that include the federal fund rate target. To implement the policys actions the Committee issues a directive to the NY Feds Domestic Trading Desk, that guides the implementation of the Committees policy through the open market operations. The open market operations are conducted on a daily basis to prevent technical forces that can effect federal fund rates from the target rates. Monetary and fiscal policy are different animals, but animals the same. A Monetary Policy is the process by which the monetary authority of a country controls the supply of money, by targeting interest rates for the purpose of economic growth and stability.

Performance Appraisal Essay Example for Free

Performance Appraisal Essay Performance appraisals are designed to give an objective on the evaluation of an employee’s performance and also outline the measures or development for improvement that would be essential to the organization to move ahead (Chandra Frank, 2004). In the healthcare system, there is an unsatisfied measure that the outside companies are used to perform these appraisals. The staff would like to do the evaluations themselves so that there is a relationship built between the employer-employee. I will look to determine what an employee appraisal consists of, how healthcare tracks the quality of work that is done by an employee. A mock performance appraisal will be evaluated based upon the scores that the employee received and from those scores will look to develop an action plan for recommendation to improve the employee’s quality of work. There will be an establishment of the current trends of recruiting, selection, and development as well as the future trends as to where employee appraisals will be in the future based on the effectiveness of new technology and theories. Performance Appraisal Performance appraisals are important to the organizational productivity and the career development of an employee (epa. ov). A current performance appraisal was conducted on an Environmentalist Senior Government employee. This review was completed based upon the duties and responsibilities of this employee in an in depth performance evaluation. Inside of the evaluation included a breakdown of the performance of the goal and objectives that was to be performance by the employee. By analyzing the goals and objectives a semi-annual inspection was performed, a semiannual monitoring was performed, an in-service training evaluation, and a 26-30 day are center inspection took place. This appraisal will affect the overall job performance of this individual and will depend upon the future contributions that this employee will have within the organization. Tracking Quality of Work The best practice is to have a standardized, quantified, and automated employee review process that is essential to track employee progress and maximize productivity in the workplace (employeeperformance. com). The practice of emPerform would be the best practice to use for employers to track performance. EmPerform is an easy-to-use web-based employee performance management solution that automates vital employee performance management processes. These would include online appraisals, goal management, 360 degree multi-rated reviews, online surveys, succession planning, compensation management, development plans, and reporting and analytics (emperform. com). In order track the review process documentation should be provided to the employee to keep towards providing a record of all the efforts they have attempted by employee to avoid any dismissal of employment or any other discrepancies. Mock Performance Appraisal Based upon the performance appraisal of the employee there are areas that she achieves in based upon the categories of leadership, customer focus, job knowledge, as well as organization and productivity. On the other hand, there are areas that need improvement and does not exceed or achieve the job description in detail that should be put into place on a daily basis. The score of 44 was calculated and per each category the employee received 36 points of achievable expectations and 8 points that stood out for requirement improvement. Once the scores were added up to (44/20) and tallied there was a score of 2. 2 of the employee performance. Because of the areas that need improvement, there should a laid out action plan between the employee and employer as to how these goals can be achieved for success for future performance appraisals. The best practices that would provide a fair and accurate performance appraisal would be to support an employee with favorable feedback. In order to achieve the improvement within the areas, there should be a clear erformance of communication of the expectations. Development of educational skills should be provided in a learning capacity so the employee will know what to do and what not to do. In addition, Greguras et al. (2003) research has shown that the purpose of the rating (decision-making versus development) affects the ratings that are observed. Action Plan Recommendation Based on scores of the employee the best feedback for an action plan recommendation would be a 360-feedba ck. Within the 360 feedback it would be a tool of support between the employee-employer conversations. It can be a powerful element of objectivity that will make an employee better understand their strengths and blind spots of their job performance. The best practices to implement the 360 feedback would be to ensure that the organization is ready for this evaluation process, make sure that the purpose is clear for using this tool, start at the top to select the right tool, and eliminate any destructive feedback towards an employee (Horowitz, 2008). The purpose of this action plan towards a 360 feedback give an employee a chance to resolve a performance that would need improvement and also give the supervisor a guidance tool and regular on monitoring towards measuring the progress of the employees future appraisals. Current Trends In today’s society of completing performance appraisals for the employees, human resources are starting to come under fire as to how successful performance appraisals really are. With the emphasis on teamwork, shared leadership, and an ongoing struggle to find and retain qualified employees, it’s a model that is falling increasing out of favor (Fandray, 2011). The most important objective towards successful appraisals within performance management should provide strength of guidance to their employee on the best strategy in the direction of improvement. A strong succession plan aims to present a foot print to probabilities to get to the next level of the job. Although there are organizations that are finding the downfalls of performance appraisals, it is an ongoing process to fine tune what could make future appraisals a trend to build strength between employee and employer. Future Trends Performance appraisal can be the future to enhance communication and productivity with employees. Executives have stated that they have observed a trend towards more frequent reviews aimed at boosting future achievement rather than grading past activity (Fleming, 2003). Hiller, a vice president of administration for Stanford Federal Credit Union, in California, uses an employee performance plan based on accountabilities determined by the job, employee, and the manager. The plan lists goals or behaviors associated with each accountability, which are reviewed on a quarterly basis(Fleming, 2003). I have to say that accountability should be the one of the main reviews towards performance appraisals amongst employees. In the healthcare the future trends of employee appraisals will be the eAppraisal Healthcare. Halogen eAppraisal healthcare will offers organizations an affordable and convenient way to automate time consuming paper-based appraisal processes. It will better enable an organization to perform clinical competency checklists and even orientation checklists (aha-solutions. org). With this appraisals systems health care will be more than in the 21 century it will give providers a more professional quality of giving appraisals that will empower human resources strategy and they will always be ready for the surveyors from the Joint Commission, OSHA, ACHA, or any other regulatory agency. The future trends will hope bright towards computers and making paper-based appraisals nonexistent. Conclusion A good performance appraisal can either break or make an organization as well as an employee’s job status. It can bring a development of organizational skills for the staff member to give a bigger picture as to what is expected of them, and provides information for the employer as to whether or not that employee should receive a raises, promotion, or dismissal from the job altogether. An effective system should be used to break the barriers of the downfalls within the organizations to help develop employees mentally and physical stability that companies look for from their staff. Appraisals can be helpful in many ways to build confidence, but on the other hand when they are delivered the atmosphere and the communication are key components to the outlook of what will come in the future. Appraisals often go into a halo effect, this takes place when the supervisor outlook of the staff member is based on a specific characteristic, in regards to appearance as well as intelligence (Tvedt, 1986). Employee Appraisals will always be a tool that will have constant positives and negatives, but it is up to how it is delivered and pursued to bring a successful outcome.

Skopos Theory of Translation

Skopos Theory of Translation 1. Introduction With the development of world economy and accelerating globalization, more and more companies have realized the significance of translating English trademarks. Trademark is a very special type of practical writing with high commercial value. The translation of English trademark names belongs to a kind of cultural communication with special purposes. A successful translation should be able to convey the current information of the commodity, attract the foreign consumers attention, stimulate their purchasing desire and promote their buying action. However, the traditional equivalence theory turns out to be increasingly inadequate and the rigid faithful translation will often produce negative effect. The Skopos theory has presented a new perspective to the study of trademark translation. With the guidance of this theory, the translator could use translation strategies flexibly to achieve the purpose of embodying the trademarks function. This thesis uses a lot of examples to put forward some techniques such as literal and free translation. And it also emphasizes that a translator should not only try his or her best to express the native connotation, but also keep in mind the adaptation to foreign culture. Only by doing so, can translation fulfill the purpose of the trademark? With increasing globalization of the world economy, more and more commodities spring up like mushrooms. As to win a superior place in an extremely competitive market, or a commodity, besides the high quality and a moderate price, its trademark name is also a vital factor. Billions of dollars are spent each year in efforts to make the public familiar with the name of the products which manufacturers are selling. Companies advertise by emphasizing the trademarks on television, radio, newspapers, magazines, etc. Customers can get a general idea or even the nature of the commodity. Those easy to read, understand and memorize can always stimulate customers purchasing desire and bring companies a great success and fortune from what they are striving as much as possible to sell. So a fine trademark name translation comes to play an important role in promoting the products and will earn more money than a common translation in the course of sales. Admittedly, translation is a very complex sub ject. By far, there have been many linguists who have carried on the research of equivalence theory-faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance. But these standards, however, are not completely fit to the translation of a trademark name. The main reason is that each language has its unique linguistic features and versatile cultural backgrounds, customs and thinking patterns, there hardly exists absolute equivalence, especially in the case of Chinese and English, which are from two completely different language families. For example, the faithfulness may not be reached by using only several simple English words. There are also many outstanding linguists abroad doing research in this field. The Skopos theory, put forward in Ground-work for a General Theory of Translation (an article) by Reiss, Vermeer in 1984, emphasizes the functionality to achieve purpose of the target text in the target culture. Skopos theory was developed in Germany in the late 1970s, and which reflects a general shift from predominantly linguistic and rather formal translation theories to a more functionally and socioculturally oriented concept of translation. Skopos theory takes seriously factors which have always been stressed in action theory, and which were brought into sharp relief with the growing need in the latter half of the twentieth century for the translation of non-literary text types. In the translation of scientific and academic papers, instructions for use, tourist guides, contracts, etc, the contextual factors surrounding the translation cannot be ignored. These factors include the culture of the intended readers of the target text and of the client who has commissioned it, and, in particular, the function which the text is to perform in that culture for those readers. Skopos theory is directly oriented towards this function. Translation is viewed not as a process of transcending, but as a specific form of human action. Like any other human action, translation has a purpose, and the word skopos, derived from Greek, is used as the technical term for the purpose of a translation. Skopos must be defined before translation can begin; in highlighting skopos, the theory adopts a prospective attitude to translation, as opposed to the retrospective attitude adopted in theories which focus on prescriptions derived from the source text.(Baker, 2004: 235) In the article Reflections on Certain Methods of Translation based on functional concept of translation, Chen Xiaowei pointed out the concept has provided theoretical basis for some translation practices used to be considered against the existing criteria of translation methods, such as abridgment and adaptation(Chen X iaowei, 2000).Yang Xiaorong(2001) also called for more attention to contemporary translation theories such as functionalist approach to translation. She stated in her article Traditional and Modern Perspectives on Translation Criticism that by emphasizing the role played by the receptor, the translator and the cultural factors in the process of translation, functionalist approach is able to present a dynamic and multi-dimensional perspective on translation criticism. In this thesis, the background and development of this approach as well as its basic concepts are discussed in light of their applicability in advertisement translation. In terms of Skopos theory, translators are encouraged to make full use of all the sources of the source text and are entitled to choose whatever translation strategies he thinks appropriate to achieve the functions of the translation. That is what we call the end justifies the means. Li Yuxiang (2006), a researcher of Tongji University, stated in her pa per that brand name translators should not only be well aware of the linguistic and cultural differences between source language and target language, but also be quite knowledgeable about marketing, psychology and aesthetics as well as full of imagination and creativity. In the course of translation, the translator should pay attention to the adaptation to many aspects and should be highly imaginative. As such, the functionalist approach can offer a satisfactory explanation to the unconventional strategies applied in trademark translation, which the traditional equivalence-based theory fails to account for. The body of this thesis is divided into six parts. At the very beginning of the introduction, the thesis presents the background, rationale, objectives, methodology and the organization of the thesis. Chapter 1 introduces the description including definition, characteristics and functions of trademark. Chapter 2 studies the Skopos theory and more attention will be paid to three rules which are skopos rule, coherence rule and fidelity rule. Chapter 3 analyzes the guidance of Skopos theory in English trademark translation with the proof of some instances. Chapter 4 exerts many examples to work out some applicable English trademark translation strategies or approaches based on the Skopos theory. Chapter 5 comes to conclusions, which gives the main findings about this thesis, identifies limitations of the present study and makes suggestions for future research. 2. The introduction about trademark 2.1 The definition of trademark There are a lot of definitions about trademark. In Wikipedia, trademark means conventionally a distinctive sign of some kinds, whether that sign comprises a name, word, phrase, logo, symbol, design, picture, styling or a combination of one or more of these elements. A trademark is used by a business to identify itself and its products or services to consumers, and to set itself and its products or services apart from other businesses. A trademark is a type of intellectual property, and in particular, a type of industrial property. Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English (4th Ed) provides a definition like this: a special mark on a product to show that it is made by a particular producer; a thing that is typical of a person or company. A trademark is defined by law as any sign that distinguishes the goods or services of one undertaking from those of another. Most trademarks are words, names or logos but more fancy trademarks include shapes, sounds and even smells. So long as your trademarks are capable of graphic representation, they can be capable of protection. Taking into account of all these explanations, trademarks can be defined as this: they are any word, term, name, symbol, or device, or any combination thereof that are used in commerce as brand names, domain names, tag lines, slogans, non-functional and distinctive packaging and labeling designs, etc. to indicate the source of goods or services and differentiate the products or services from those of the other. That is to say, a trademark has the characteristics of describing the features of a commodity; making the commodity more distinctive; assisting the consumers to memorize the products; conforming to the images of commodity as well as company and arousing customers associations about beautiful things. 2.2 The functions of trademark 2.2.1 Origin Function A trademark helps to identify the source and those responsible for the products and services sold in the market as it includes the materialistic and abstract components of the product and reflect its marketing capabilities. Specifically, a trademark, the distinctive sign or indicator of some kind, used by an individual, business organization or another legal entity assists consumers to uniquely identify the source of its products or services, and to distinguish its products or services from those of other entities. So a trademark could guarantee the identity of the origin of marked goods or services offered to each consumer or end user by enabling the latter to distinguish, without any possibility of confusion, the origin of the goods or services in question. 2.2.2 Quality Function Consumers choose a particular trademark for its known quality. Trademarks have the functions of guaranteeing and improving the quality of products. Therefore, quality means the foundation of a trademarks reputation which convinces the consumers to buy that kind of commodity. The goods which are cheap in price and high in quality will meet the consumers objective needs and mental consumption, and establishing the good prestige for the trademark could win the consumers trust. Naturally, the market of products would be expanded and good economic returns for the enterprises would also be yielded. Once establishing the image in buyers mind, the manufacturers and sellers would do their utmost to ensure the quality, maintain the good faith of the well-known products so as to achieve obvious economic benefits. 2.2.3 Advertising Function Trademarks play an important role in advertising. A trademark enables consumers to choose goods and services with ease under the influence of continuous advertising. As shown in the above, a trademark is the symbol of a product, distinguishing the commodity from another and making them easier for consumers to memorize, which is a very important part of the advertisement of the product. A good trademark should be simple and memorable, so it can, to some degree, influence and arouse their desire to buy the product. It is not uncommon for a customer to refuse to buy a certain product merely because of his or her dislikes of the trademark. Besides, via the media, including radio, television, newspapers, magazines and the Internet, enterprisers give wide coverage to trademarks in order to deeply impress the consumers, stimulate their interests to buy their products, at last, fulfill the purpose to advertise the product and create an image in the mind of the ultimate purchaser. 2.2.4 Marketing and Economic Function A successful trademark can promote the international trade to attain the goals of boosting its market share. Served as the crucial tool to gain and dominate the market, trademark especially the famous one plays the significant role in opening up an outlet and occupying the global market. Now, with the development of international business, the higher reputation of a trademark means the better quality of the product. Even the same products have different prices because of different trademarks; of course, the profits brought by goods are also different. Thus, its clear that a well- recognized trademark has a better competitive power in markets. Established trademark is a valuable asset. A trademark indicates competition, for its function is to distinguish one product from another, meanwhile, it is created by use, and remains valid only as long as it is used. For many manufacturers, the trademark is what turns people into customers. Perhaps money has been invested in advertising, or people have learned of the business through word of mouth. But no company would want to see another company opened up with a similar name and people got confused. If that really happened, the former one might very well lose potential or existing customers to the new company. It is the common sense that a famous trademark, even in tough economic times, strongly influences purchasing behavior as consumers would make more careful decisions, and often revert to tried and trusted brands. Today the trademarks may be licensed or franchised. It can be concluded that the ultimate purpose of advertising is to persuade consumers to buy a certain product or service. The main functions in advertising at least include conveying information and persuasion. To describe it specifically, the basic functions of trademark are to present some information about goods, services or ideas to the public and influence and persuade people to make choices, at last to take some actions, especially to purchase the products. 3. Skopos theory 3.1 A brief introduction to Skopos theory Skopos is the Greek word for aim or purpose and was introduced into translation theory by Hans J. Vemeer as a technical term for the purpose of a translation and of the action of translating by Jeremy Munday. (Munday, 2001: 65) In Vermeers approach, every translation is directed at an intended audience, since to translate means to produce a text in a target setting for a target purpose and target addressees in target circumstances.(Nord, 2001: 12) According to Skopos theory, any form of translational action, including translation itself, may be assumed as an action which is intentional and purposeful, and the prime principle determining any translation process is the purpose (Skopos) of the overall translational action.(Nord, 2001: 27) Skopos theory queries the primitive theory that centers on original texts. It explains the action of translation from a brand new angle. Faced at aiming system, it is a descriptive and standard combined theory.(Zhang Nanfeng, 2004: 121). 3.2 The development of Skopos theory The functionalist translation theory was developed in the 1970s in German. The main contributions and the contributors are Katharina Reiss with her functionalist translation criticism; Hans J. Vermeers Skopos theory and its extensions; Justa Holz-Manttaris theory of translational action and Christiane Nord. They are all German scholars, so we call it German school of functionalism. (Nord, 1997:4) Early in 1971, in her book Possibilities and Limits of Translation Criticism, Reiss develops a model of translation criticism based on the functional relationship between source and target texts.(Nord, 1997:5)To her, TL text should be equivalent to SL text in terms of conceptual content, linguistic form and communicative function. So obviously, she still took equivalence as her basis. However, in real life she found that sometimes equivalence was not possible and not even desired in some cases, for example, when the target text is intended to achieve a purpose or function other than that of the original. In such situations, she thinks that the functional perspective takes precedence over the normal standards of equivalence. Then translation critic can no longer rely on features derived from source-text analysis but has to judge whether the target text is functional in terms of the translation context. (Nord, 1997:9) Then, Hans Vermeer made a breakthrough by putting forward his famous Skopos theory which is regarded as the landmark of functionalist approach to translation. Vermeer maintained that linguistics alone could not solve all the translation problems. Thus he put translation in a broader human context, embedding the theory of translation in a theory of human action or activity. He considers translation as a type of human action, which is an intentional, purposeful behavior that takes place in a given situation; it is part of the situation at the same time as it modifies the situation.(Nord, 1997:11)Thus Vermeer calls his theory Skopos theory. Actually, Skopos theory is the theory that applies the notion of Skopos to translation. Manttari goes one step further than Vermeer. She even avoids using the term translation in the strict sense. She prefers to speak of message transmitters, which consist of textual material combined with other media such as pictures, sounds and body movements. In her model, translation is defined as a complex action designed to achieve a particular purpose. The generic term for the phenomenon is translational action. The purpose of translational action is to transfer messages across culture and language barriers by means of message transmitters produced by experts. (Nord, 1997:13) Afterward, Nord summarized all these theories and made them more comprehensive by her book Translaitng As a Purposeful Activity-Functionalist Approaches Explained. 3.3 Three rules of the Skopos theory 3.3.1 The skopos rule In Vermeers skoposthorie, the top-ranking rule for translation is the Skopos rule. The term Skopos usually refers to the purpose of the target text. (Nord, 2001: 28) translational action is determined by its Skopos: that is the end justifies the means (Reiss and Vermeer 1984:101) Vermeer explains the Skopos rule in the following way: Each text is produced for a given purpose and should serve this purpose. The Skopos rule thus reads as follows: translate/interpret/speak/write in a way that enables your text/translation to function in the situation in which it is used and with the people who want to use it and precisely in the way they want it to function. (Nord, 2001: 29) Translation is normally done by assignment. A client needs a text for a particular purpose and calls upon the translator for a translation, thus acting as the initiator of the translation process. In an ideal case, the client would give as many details as possible about the purpose, explaining the addressees, time, place, occasion and medium of the intended communication and function and which the text is intended to have. The information would constitute an explicit translation brief which means translation commission or translation assignment. (Nord, 2001: 30) BMW was an acronym for Bayerishe Motoren Werke (the German famous auto companys name). It has no meaning but shows the place where the car come form. (Chen Dongcheng, 2008)The translation of à ¥Ã‚ ®Ã‚ Ãƒ ©Ã‚ ©Ã‚ ¬ is known to many Chinese customers. Because B and M are pronounced like à ¥Ã‚ ®Ã‚ Ãƒ ©Ã‚ ©Ã‚ ¬ in Chinese, which à ¥Ã‚ ®Ã‚  means precious and à ©Ã‚ ©Ã‚ ¬ (horse) tells that it is an automobile as à ©Ã‚ ©Ã‚ ¬ is one means of transportations in ancient China. So it can reach the purpose of arousing the customers association of the swift horse and implies this kind of cars can go a long way with a high speed. 3.3.2 The coherence rule This rule emphasis that the translation must be adequately coherent to allow the intended users to comprehend it, and provide them assumed background knowledge and situational circumstances. What the translator can do, and what he should do, is to produce a text that is at least likely to be meaningful to target-culture receivers. In Vermeers terms the target text should conform to the standard of intratextual coherence (Reiss and Vermeer, 1984: 109). This means the receiver should be able to understand it; it should make sense in the communicative situation and culture in which it is received. A communicative interaction can only be regarded as successful if the receivers interpret it as being sufficiently coherent with their situation. Accordingly, another important rule of Skopos theory, the coherence rule, specifies that a translation should be acceptable in a sense that it is coherent with receivers situation. (Reiss and Vermeer, 1984: 113) Safeguard, a brand for soap and bathing lotion, means security and guardian. It is transliterated as à ¨Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ãƒ ¨Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¤Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ³. Here à ¨Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ means comfort, à ¨Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¤ means skin and à ¤Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ³ means good quality. So this translation will leave the impression on people that this soap or lotion with good quality can bring comfort to the skin. Furthermore, Chinese people will have a basic conception about what kind of product it is and understand it very well when they first saw the translation. 3.3.3 The fidelity rule This rule touches upon the relationship between the source-text and target-text. Vermeer calls this relationship intertextual coherence or fidelity which is fidelity rule. (Reiss and Vermeer, 1984: 114) In Skopos theory, the source-text is not so crucial in the position of offering information especially in equivalence-based theories. Intertextual coherence should exist between source and target text, while the form it takes depends both on the translators interpretation of the source text and on the translation Skopos. (Nord, 2001: 32) The fidelity rule stresses that some relationship must remain between the target-text and source-text once the overriding principle of Skopos and the rule of coherence have been satisfied. Crown(the trademark of a car)is translated literally into Chineseà §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬  Ã‚   whether it is in English or in Chinese. Crown andà §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬  Ã‚  both represent the superior social status,. The Chinese version can well express that the car is in good condition, the style is grand and the quality is first-rate. It is faithful to its original meaning of the brand which is and will undoubtedly be accepted by the consumers in China just the same as in the original country. The three rules are organized based on their status. The fidelity rule is considered as the subordination to the coherence rule. Both of them are subordinate to the Skopos rule. Hence, the purpose of translation is the first concern for the translator. If the Skopos requires a change of function, the standard will no longer by intertextual coherence with the source text but adequacy or appropriateness with regard to the Skopos (Reiss and Vermeer, 1984: 139). 4. The guidance of Skopos theory in English trademark translation As the statement in the first chapter about the functions of trademark, the translation of English trademark should attract the consumers attention, raise their interest, stimulate their desire, improve their memory and promote their action. The Skopos theory believes that the translating purpose decides the translating strategies and methods. As the translation of English trademark names is a project which has particular purposes, the Skopos theory is very suitable to the translation of English trademark names. 4.1 The Purpose of Embodying Characters of Commodity The translation of an English trademark should endeavor to provide as much as information about the commodity for consumers. The translation should transmit the commoditys positive information to attract the consumers attention and raise their interest. Take Rejoice for example, it is translated to beà ©Ã‚ £Ã‹Å"à ¦Ã… ¸Ã¢â‚¬ in Chinese. The translation has pretty well expressed the information of the goods. From the name, consumers can get the information that the commodity may be something about flowing locks or gentle and smooth hair, because à ©Ã‚ £Ã‹Å"and à ¦Ã… ¸Ã¢â‚¬ often have been used to describe the feature of hair. So the consumers attention will be attracted by the goods immediately when they see the name. Surely enough, their interest is aroused and they will be willing to see some more elaborate information about the goods. So the translation of an English trademark should express information to demonstrate the characters of a commodity. 4.2 The Purpose of Identifying Commodity We know that one commodity has its distinctive character. A good trademark should represent the commodity and shows its uniqueness. If a name is distinctive enough to catch the consumers attention, it has been endowed with the discerning function. Then in a consumers memory, this distinctive name will be the most deep-going one. Of course, the purchasing action could be stimulated. For instance, two commodities both have the same English trademark called Liberty. Actually, one product is a sportswear and the other is a carpet. In China, the former one is à ¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ã‚ ªÃƒ §Ã¢â‚¬ Ã‚ ± and the latter one is à ¥Ã‹â€ Ã‚ ©Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ®Ã‚ Ãƒ ¥Ã…“ °. à ¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ã‚ ªÃƒ §Ã¢â‚¬ Ã‚ ± means free and it can arouse the feelings of leisure and casualness which accord with the style of the cloth. à ¥Ã‹â€ Ã‚ ©Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ®Ã‚ Ãƒ ¥Ã…“ ° conveys that this kind of carpet is good to protect the consumers precious plot. Besides, à ¥Ã‚ ®Ã‚ Ãƒ ¥Ã…“ ° is the propitious word popular with Chinese customers. 4.3 The Purpose of Stimulating Consumers Purchasing Desire All the advertising campaign of a commodity is advancing towards to one destination to move the consumers to buy the products. The trademark as a means of publicizing ways, its translation should serve the purpose, too. Carrefour is a foreign invested supermarket in China. Its Chinese version of à ¥Ã‚ ®Ã‚ ¶Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¹Ã‚ Ãƒ §Ã‚ ¦Ã‚ , tells us each family can enjoy happiness and pleasure in this supermarket. When seeing this name, they may go it and buy something there. This translation, making use of consumers purchasing psychology, has successfully appealed to consumers and has cleverly stimulated their purchasing desire. Therefore, the translation of a trademark should be able to stimulate consumers buying desire. 4.4 The purpose of adaption to the customers culture The famous British anthropologist E. B. Taylor (1871) defines culture as a complex whole that includes knowledge, belief, art, law, morals, customs and other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.(Danesi Perron, 1999: 3) because trademark, obviously is part of the culture, so its translation, to a great extent, is influenced by culture. Foreign commodities trademarks inevitably contain different cultural characteristics. When they enter the Chinese market, they will mainly face Chinese consumers. Whether they can win the market share and the favor of Chinese customers depends greatly on their translation. Even they enjoy global fame, it will still be difficult for Chinese consumers to accept if they dont have impressive translations into Chinese. A good translation will have enormous impact, though invisible, on consumers mentality. (Bao Huinan, 2001: 281) For truly successful translating, biculturalism is even more important than bilingualism, since words o nly have meanings in terms of cultures in which they function. (Nida, 1993: 110) hence, to contribute to the function of trademark, the translation must fulfill the purpose to go with the culture of customers. Dragon means devil in western culture, while in Chinese culture, dragon(à ©Ã‚ ¾Ã¢â€ž ¢) is the symbol of power and heavenliness is something sacred and has been referred to as the ancestor of the Chinese nation, so Chinese people have a special preference for this animal which does not exist. Citroen, a French-made car brand, is translated into à ©Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚ ªÃƒ ©Ã¢â‚¬Å" Ãƒ ©Ã‚ ¾Ã¢â€ž ¢ to adapt the customers culture in target market. 5. Translation strategies based on Skopos theory Skopos theory considers translation as a complicated interactive behavior. The aim of translation is often determined after counsel between client and translator. It is the initiator or its agent who makes differences. They give explanation of time, place, situation, intermediary, aim as well as readers and function of translation. According to the specific translation requirement such as the writers interactive intention and expectation of the translated texts, as well as social knowledge background, interactive need of readers, etc. translator can determine any translating tactics, and does not have to care about the equality of translated text to the original text, for which would weaken the translated texts interactive function in the environment of target language. Therefore, with the guide of translation purpose, the translator can consider the relative factors comprehensively and then decide the most suitable method. Approaches can be adopted by translators if it can realize t he expected purpose well. The translator can change properly according to the connotation meaning of a trademark name. If it is transformed appropriately, it can be full of wit and humor. The consumers will certainly be attracted by such kind of a trademark names. So the realistic standard of trademark translation is whether it is recognized and accepted by consumers who would buy the products finally. Therefore, based on the Skopos theory, translation strategies are not restricted. According to the contents mentioned above, we can emphasize that the purpose changes with the consumer varies. (Wang Jianhui, Hu Dongping, 2007) Translators can take any appropriate tactics in order to achieve different goals. (Yin Xiaohong, 2006:171) As discussed above, the successful translation of brand names refers to lots of factors. Among them the most important is the flexible employment of translation methods in practice. In this part, the author will focus on two main methods, the most common and practical used strategies, in brand name translation. They are literal translation and free translation. 5.1 Literal translation The so-called literal translation in this paper is equivalent to Newmarks semantic translation, which attempts to render, as closely as the semantic and syntactic structure of the second language allow, the exact contextual meaning of the original.(Newmark, 1988: 39). Literal translation involves translating meanings literally, keeping both the original form and the original sense. It is the primary way of trademark translation. It can better convey the original information of the product, indicate the authors original wish, and can keep the conformity with the brand designs. There are many popular trademarks translated in this way around us. Although it is not feasible for every one to be translated literally, literal translation is still put to use by translators. The translation of an electronic appliance brand, Pioneer intoà ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã‹â€ Ãƒ ©Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â‚¬ ¹can convey to the customers the message that it is the pioneer of the electronic appliance industry. Microsoft, the American software giant company, also adopts literal translation to register its Chinese brand. Translating Micro as à ¥Ã‚ ¾Ã‚ ® and soft as à ¨Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ¯ successfully transmit the implied meaning: a basic, tiny and delicate software. Mr. Juicy was translated as à ¦Ã… ¾Ã…“à ¦Ã‚ ±Ã‚ Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã‹â€ Ãƒ §Ã¢â‚¬ Ã… ¸, can give customers a very clear idea that it is a fruit juice brand while at the same time it forms a cartoon image in peoples mind. 5.2 Free translation The free translation is also one of the most important techniques in the course of translating Chinese trademark names. We knew that literal translation would not achieve a perfect trademark translation all the time. Free translation is more complex and flexible. Free translation mostly could avoid the rigid feeling, comparing with mechanical transliteration. In fact, it is the translators imagination that is making an important impa

Invasive plants Essay -- Native Plant Species, Environment

Since we are accustomed to a life full of modern conveniences, it is important to remember that human survival still depends on the planet's natural diversity. Pennsylvania has 25,000 species of plants and animals, with more than 2,100 being native (IConserve, 2007). It is critical to appreciate the sustainable use of these natural resources that influence our beautiful state’s economic health and quality of life of all Pennsylvanians. Yet many threats to our home’s biodiversity are present. One significant threat is invasive plant species that are eliminating native plant species. Invasive plants are plants which grow aggressively, spreading and displacing other plants (Ball, 2002). Whether it is intentional or not, they are often introduced by humans. On the other hand, native plants are pants that existed within Pennsylvania before European settlement. Because they are meant to grow here, they are quite beneficial to the environment as well as people (Fell 19 95). In order to preserve Pennsylvania’s health and natural beauty, it is essential to control the growth of invasive plant species while supporting the growth of native plant species. When Pennsylvania was first settled in the 1600’s by William Penn, abundant plants covered about 90% of the state (IConserve 2007). All of these plants are considered to be natives because they existed in the area before human settlement. Unfortunately, due to human interactions with nature, the landscape has changed significantly over time. Many plants that once defined Pennsylvania have been lost; however, this problem can be reversed to some extent. By 2000, five percent of Pennsylvania’s native plant species had been lost and another twenty-five percent were in danger o... ...s that are invasive and controlling or destroying any invasive species. These plants are adaptable and grow well under a wide range of conditions and therefore have a much better chance of thriving. It is also important to use fertilizers in moderation because high nitrogen often stimulates the aggressive growth of plants (Fell, 1995). Planning land management is also important. Weekly mowing is important for the maintenance of lawns and weeding is important for gardens. Pennsylvania’s meadows should be mowed annually and woodlands should be monitored for the need to remove invasive plant species (Ball, 2001). Unfortunately, invasive plants are causing problems not only in Pennsylvania, but all across the country (Invasive Plants: Silent Invaders, 2004). It is essential that efforts are made in order to keep this plant crisis from deteriorating further.